11th Grade Science Fair Projects

11th Grade Science Fair Projects 11th-grade science fair projects can be advanced. 11th graders can identify and conduct a project on their own. 11th-grade students can use the scientific method to make predictions about the world around them and to construct experiments to test their predictions. 11th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas Which fruits contain the most vitamin C?Can you find a plant which repels cockroaches? (or flies or ants)What percentage of home trash can be recycled or reused? How can people change shopping patterns to reduce waste? See if you can give numerical values in terms of weight of garbage produced. Is there a difference in cost, shopping to reduce waste as opposed to normal purchasing?Test products for impurities. For example, you could test toys for cadmium or water for lead.Can people tell the difference between a natural tan and one produced by a chemical product?Which brand of disposable contact lenses last the longest before a person decides to switch them out?Where in the house can you find the most bacteria?Is there a relationship between birth rate and season/temperature/moon phase?Which fruit contains the most sugar?Does sound affect plant growth?What materials are effective at blocking sound waves? Wi-fi signals? radio waves?Does ethylene cause fir trees (used for Christmas tre es) to drop their needles? If so, can you use an ethylene-trapping bag to prevent needle loss? At what angle can you launch a rocket that travels the furthest? a paper airplane?Does cigarette smoke affect plant growth? If there is an impact, does e-cigarette vapor have the same effect?Can personality type be predicted by music preference? What personality traits can you measure?What material is most effective at reducing attraction between two magnets?How can petroleum be dispersed in seawater? How can it be broken down chemically?How close can certain crops be planted together without the plants experiencing crowding?Under what conditions of crowding will cockroaches exhibit aggression?What are good designs to maximize heating efficiency of a solar home? Tips for a Successful Science Fair Project High school projects dont have to take longer than ones you might do in grade school or middle school, but youll be expected to use the scientific method.Demonstrations and models probably wont be successful unless they are simulations of complex behavior.A junior in high school should be capable of handling the design, implementation, and reporting for a science fair project. Its fine to ask for help with brainstorming, setting up an experiment, and preparing a report, but most of the work should be done by the student.You may work together with an organization or business for your project, which demonstrates organizational skills.The best science projects at this level answer a question or solve a problem that affects the student or society.

Proper Punctuation for Appositive Phrases

Proper Punctuation for Appositive Phrases Proper Punctuation for Appositive Phrases Proper Punctuation for Appositive Phrases By Mark Nichol When two terms that mean the same thing are introduced in succession in a sentence, careless writers, by omitting a crucial comma, often imply that the definition of the terms is in fact distinct. Here are some examples of misleading statements, plus discussions and revisions. 1. â€Å"Sunlight is a mixture of different colors or wavelengths, which combine to form white light.† Colors and wavelengths are, for practical purposes, the same thing, but â€Å"colors or wavelengths† implies otherwise. To signal that wavelengths is an alternative term for colors, it should be set off in an appositive phrase: â€Å"Sunlight is a mixture of colors, or wavelengths, that combine to form white light.† (Notice, too, the replacement of which with that and the deletion of the comma that followed it not all colors, or wavelengths, combine to form white light; only these do. I also deleted the usually superfluous adjective different.) 2. â€Å"Its odd properties are essential for the evolution and survival of life on Earth, particularly given its ability to form a weak connection called a hydrogen or H-bond.† The weak connection is not called a hydrogen or H-bond, and it does not have the alternative names hydrogen and H-bond, both of which possibilities are suggested by this statement; the choices are â€Å"hydrogen bond† and H-bond. To indicate that H-bond is a distinct term, that it is not an alternative to hydrogen alone, and that it is an abbreviation of â€Å"hydrogen bond† requires a minimal pair of corrections: the use of the full phrase â€Å"hydrogen bond† and the insertion of a comma after that phrase. The revision is â€Å"Its odd properties are essential for the evolution and survival of life on Earth, particularly given its ability to form a weak connection called a hydrogen bond, or H-bond.† 3. â€Å"Then, as that part of Earth passes out of the gravitational bulge, the tide goes out or ebbs.† Again, the lack of a comma between two terms separated by or implies distinct meanings (suggesting that going out and ebbing are different actions), but this sentence, in describing a scientific phenomenon, explains a process and then supplies a perhaps unfamiliar synonym, so a comma should divide them. But there’s another problem one that I haven’t seen discussed in writing guides or grammar handbooks but that has always bothered me: Why, when introducing a new term, supply the better-known synonym or a definition first what’s the use of including the new term if it’s not presented before the aid to comprehension? It seems more logical to provide the new term first, then provide context: â€Å"Then, as that part of Earth passes out of the gravitational bulge, the tide ebbs, or goes out.† (The second example in this post at least positions the appositive terms sensibly, and the first example does not apply, as one term does not define the other, as here, or clarify it, as in the second example.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should AvoidStory Writing 101The Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

The Right to Privacy and Corporate Responsibility Essay

The Right to Privacy and Corporate Responsibility - Essay Example The concepts presented will then be assimilated into a discussion about the reasonable accommodation of the genuine needs of both sides of the question, with a conclusion regarding a structure which defines acceptable practices for corporate inquiries while preserving the rights of individuals to retain a modicum of privacy. This paper will be organized along those logical lines with a section on individual privacy rights that includes current research on the topic. A second section will discuss modern corporate tactics that might impinge upon personal privacy and citations from academic sources regarding the suitability of those methods. The third section will incorporate the concepts of the previous discussions into some workable ideas that accommodate the needs of both parties. Finally, the conclusion will set forth a concise framework that bridges the two extremes. Individuals have a reasonable expectation that their privacy be protected. Corporations have a demonstrable right to employ those individuals who have an appropriate personal and work history, as well as a work ethic compatible with the objectives and corporate culture of the company. As with any discussion of fundamental rights, however, a consideration must be made regarding the fact that an individual person's right to privacy does not exclude the need of a corporation to be reasonably assured that the employee is trustworthy. Conversely, an organization's need to have confidence in their employees does not give it latitude to excessively intrude into the private life of an individual unnecessarily. Accordingly, a proper balance of the needs of both parties will permit the accomplishment of the mutually-sought objectives. Individuals and the companies that employ them can both get what they need if proper respect is shown for the concerns of each. Individual Privacy Rights In the modern workplace, employees are subjected to events every day that potentially impinge upon their privacy. Some employers perform credit and background checks prior to hiring. Others require employees to submit to random drug testing or even polygraphs. In many large corporations, employees' computers and telephone conversations are monitored, recorded, and reviewed. In fact, "[s]urveillance is so thorough in some offices that employers can check to see exactly when employees leave their work stations to go to the bathroom and how long they take" (Hayden, Hendricks & Novik 1990: 97). Individuals, however, do not give up their right to privacy just because they sign on to work for a company. The preservation of these rights is therefore a major concern. Even in countries where the right to privacy is not statutory or constitutionally-derived, individuals have a natural right to expect that their personal information will not be distributed without their consent or used against them in an unlawful manner. It is a widely-recognized principle that even when a situation exists where someone, a corporation for example, has a duty to its investors to investigate the background of a potential employee, that duty is circumscribed by the individual's basic human rights. As expressed by

UK Investment in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Investment in China - Essay Example However it is observed that the new emerging markets have socio-cultural contexts much different from the parallel contexts in western countries. Such cultural differences present themselves both as an opportunity and threat to those organizations expecting to find niche in these markets. If properly researched and read into the cultural dimensions of the foreign market can be woven into the international marketing mix and help establish the global supplier as a trustworthy supplier who understands the local realities. Inadequate research into these aspects and thereby deficient weaving of cultural dimensions in the international marketing mix can prove to be an expensive marketing mistake. This paper takes up the case study of TESCO, the major UK supermarket chain and undertakes a China market PEST analysis for TESCO.Paper goes on to suggest the standardization or adaptation in the international marketing mix that may be required to be brought about by TESCO looking at China market. TESCO entry strategy in Chinese market is also discussed with listing of various pros and cons of various entry strategies.. TESCO, the UK retail giant follows a standard strategy of expansion and growth comprised in four pronged action format: growth in the core UK business; expansion through international growth; maintain strength in non-food and in food trade and follow customers into new retailing services. As a consequence of this strategy TESCO targets : a better deal for its customers; makes it simpler for its staff; ensures that it reaps the fullest economy to make its overall operations cheaper and reaches all its supplies faster to market. Five years prior to TESCO's formal entry into the Chinese market, BBC News (1999) reported the following about UK China trade ties and collaborations," UK businesses have won contracts worth $3.5 bn in China. The UK is the sixth largest investor in China, with $13bn of direct investment. "Thus a long learning curve had preceded the formal entry of TESCO in the Chinese market in 2004.Thus by taking on China TESCO was taking up a pathway leading to a blind alley . TESCO made its first foray into China, in the year 2004, with the purchase of a 50% stake in a 25-strong hypermarket chain for 140m ($260m) entering into a joint venture with the Ting Hsin after a long three years' search for an appropriate Chinese partner. (BBC News, 2004).TESCO top management, at the time of entry, clearly made no secret of the lucrative and huge Chinese retail market. In the year 2004 it was reckoned that this retail business served around two million customers a week and was valued at 280m, with sales of 330m. (BBC News, 2004). TESCO had researched its Chinese partner thoroughly before taking up the joint venture stake. Ting Hsin was the largest food supplier in China and owned the Hymall chain of stores, of which Tesco was to have a 50% stake. Hymall had opened its first outlet in September 1998 and had rapidly grown to be the leading hypermarket operators in the country, with French chain Carrefour and US-owned Wal-Mart among its rivals. Most of its stores w ere located in "high quality" shopping mall developments in the east, north and northeast of China. (BBC News, 2004)The joint venture was premised on the logic that, Ting Hsin

The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried Essay Every work of literature has a recurring theme. Whether it is about a love, guilt or a desire for revenge, every character comes across a struggle between their passion and responsibility. The Things They Carried features many characters that overcome conflicts. Jimmy cross struggles with his responsibility to his men as well as his love for a woman that does not love him back. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is a young, carefree man who is still searching for his future. Without realizing what he was getting himself into, he applies for the Reserve Officers Training Corps at his college in New Jersey. Many of his friends knew he did not care about the war. Even Cross himself never gave it a second thought. He never thought he would actually go to war by taking the Reserve Officers Training Corps course. Later that year, he is drafted to the war as Lieutenant of several men under his charge, and he is unsure about everything he does. He had no desire to be a team leader, let alone lead a group of men into a blind war. Up until the day he was drafted, Jimmy Cross did not care for the war and what was happening. Being only a sophomore in college, he was still a young man with no experience when it came to war and being Lieutenant. As the war goes on, Cross begins to grasp that he is responsible for the safety of his own men. Although he did not want to be, he understood that someone had to be the leader. While they were all in Vietnam for the war, Jimmy Cross’ men find him day dreaming frequently. His mind was on Martha, a woman he fell in love with while attending college in New Jersey. Even he would find himself day dreaming about old memories of her and what his future would be like with Martha. Lieutenant Cross carried various reminders of his love for her. He would often read letters from her and gaze at her photographs she sent him. He knew she did not love him back like how he loved her. Cross wished things were different between the two of them. He wanted her to love him back but he knew that was too good to be true. When Ted Lavender died, Jimmy blamed himself. He felt guilty for not watching over his men at the time when they needed him the most. He should have saved Lavender but instead, his mind was filled with thoughts of Martha, a woman who gave no indication of ever loving him back. As a result, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross struggles to make the right decision for his men and burns all letters, photographs and memories of Martha. His struggle for Martha’s love kept him from protecting his men and he now holds guilt for Lavender’s death deep within. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross struggled throughout the novel frequently. He had conflicts with what he wanted from Martha, and his responsibility to his soldiers. In the end, Cross steps up and takes control of his situation. He becomes the leader that everyone expects him to be by giving up Martha and focusing on the war and his men. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross did what was right for his men to keep them safe from harm.

High Blood Pressure Essay -- Health, Cardiovascular Disease

Data from World health organization (2002), estimated that high blood pressure was the cause of death for more than 7 million individuals every year, affecting 972 million of world population which accounts for 26.4% in total, 26.6% of those are men and 26.1% are women. In addition 333 million of those in developed countries and 639 million in developing countries and responsible for 11% of all diseases burden in industrial countries, it also estimated to be the case of death for more than 20% in men and almost 24% in women. (WHO, 2003), (Kearney et al, 2005) In the future, high blood pressure is predicted to increase about 60% by 2025 to reach a total of 1.56 billion. This increase expected to contribute of 9% and 13% in both men and women respectively. (Kearney et al, 2005) Globally, the highest prevalence rate of high blood pressure found in women in former socialist economies region while for men was in Latin American and Caribbean region and the lowest prevalence was in â€Å"other Asian and islands† region for both men and women. (Kearney et al, 2005) High blood pressure considered one of the main risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, which contributes with 62% of cardiovascular diseases globally. It also contributes to 54% of stroke cases and 47% ischemic heart disease. (Lawest et al, 2008) Moreover it is responsible for 50% of heart failure burden in the world. (Lloyd et al, 2002) The INTERHEART study estimated that having a hypertension was the reason for 25% of heart attack cases in both central and Eastern Europe while it represents the same reason for 22 % of Western Europe. Individuals who have an elevated blood pressure are suspect to have heart attack twice more than normotensive. ( Yusuf et al, 2004) or Brit... ...to affect individuals in controlling their high blood pressure and it is also a serious risk factor of cardiovascular disease. For that, this study aims to develop a treatment model which helps high blood pressure individuals in Saudi Arabia to decrease and control their high blood pressure in easy way, less costing, fit the Saudi culture, life style, and overcome the weather obstacle. Taking into counter the evidence on exercise in reducing the blood pressure, and walking in particular. The question arise, does promote walking among Saudi individuals could be the solution to overcome the co-morbidity factors and become a step stone in managing the high blood pressure. Not to forget to mention that walking suits any member of the society regardless the age, gender, social and traditions attributes, and does not cost more than comfortable athletic shoes.

Out, Out

Questions from pg 495 1. How does Frost make the buzz-saw appear sinister? How does he make it seem, in another way, like a friend? a. The first line, â€Å"The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard† and the seventh line â€Å"And the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled† both emit a sense of darkness, as if having a â€Å"personality† of its own. b. When the sister came out and told the brother that supper was ready and the saw looked as if it â€Å"leaped† out of the boys hand, it seemed as if the saw was a friend of the boy that did not want to be abandoned, so it pulled away from the boy in anger, causing injury to the boy.The saw and the boy were in essence â€Å"friends† because of the time they spent together sawing firewood, and when faced with the boy leaving was upset. 2. What do you make of the people who surround the boy—the â€Å"they† of the poem. Who might they be? Do they seem to you concerned and compassiona te, cruel, indifferent, or what? a. The â€Å"they† of the poem appear to be his family, possibly his uncles, aunts, or cousins. They could be neighborhood friends of the boys. b.Whoever they were, they did not seem to be very concerned that the boy was injured, let alone dead. They seemed uncompassionate and unconcerned about what they had witnessed. 3. What does Frost’s reverence to Macbeth contribute to your understanding of â€Å" ‘Out, Out—’ †? How would you state the theme of Frost’s poem? a. It seems to me that Macbeth’s verse is about how short life is, that life is just a shadow, a player, in the game of life, that walks around on a stage, then one day is over.Frost uses part of the first line of Macbeth’s verse â€Å"Out, out† as his title as a way to agree with and reference Macbeth as one of his role models in poetry. b. I feel that Frost uses the theme â€Å"life and death† as the main concept o f â€Å"Out, out. † 4. Set this poem side by side with â€Å"Sir Patrick Spence. † How does â€Å" ‘Out, Out—’ † resemble that medieval folk ballad in the subject, or does it differ from it? How is Frost’s poem similar or different in its way of telling a story? a. To me, the common thread of the two poems is life and eath. Day to day, you live your life, never knowing when your last day on earth will be, and when it comes, it is sudden. b. I think they are both similar it its way of telling a story in the sense that you got pulled into the poem, hanging on its every word. Both poems begin with telling the readers what the characters were doing and continue in detail about what happens. Though short, Frost succeeded at his readers gaining an attachment to the day in the life of his character.

Changing Behavior Case Study Analysis Essay

A client approached me because he has a serious problem with procrastination. My client has procrastinated most activities that were not comfortable or enjoyable for as far back as he can remember. Procrastinated activities include but are not limited to paying bills, doing homework assignments, making progress on assigned projects in the office, buying presents for birthdays or holidays and scheduling just about anything. Due to this undesirable behavior my client has lost a few jobs, failed out of school and is behind on his mortgage. Of all of these activities my client would like assistance with procrastination as it relates to paying bills since that seems to be the most pressing issue. It should be noted that the procrastination has increased in frequency since childhood. My client blames this behavior for the extraordinary amount of stress in his life. Classical Conditioning: Classical Conditioning could be a source of my client’s procrastination. In classical conditioning an unconditioned stimulus is observed to create an unconditioned response. If a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus then eventually the conditioned stimulus will also evoke the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. The response to a conditioned stimulus is called a conditioned response. (Morris, C., & Maisto, 2013) In my client’s case the unconditioned stimulus was paying bills with the family as a child. Money was tight in his family and the lack of money caused many arguments. The arguments resulted in very stressful situations that my client wanted to avoid. To put this in terms of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus was the lack of money. The unconditioned response was an argument that caused stress that my client tried to avoid. Since the arguments over money happened primarily when it was time to pay bills the condition ed stimulus became paying off bills. The conditioned response was to avoid the stress caused by paying bills by procrastinating. The repeated pairing of the stress from arguing while paying bills strengthened the desire to avoid the situation resulting in the  habitual behavior problem of procrastination. Had the stress from arguing occurred only occasionally over bills, also known as intermittent pairing (Morris, C., & Maisto, 2013), then it may have been less likely that my client would procrastinate his bill paying. In this scenario you could compare my client’s procrastination with the results from Pavlov’s experiment with his dogs. Pavlov’s experiment measured how much his dogs would salivate when food was introduced. The food and salivation were the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response respectively. Pavlov also rang a bell each time he fed the dogs. After some time Pavlov noticed that his dogs would salivate when the bell rang even if there was no food present. In this way the bell became the conditioned stimulus that elicited the conditioned response of the dogs saliv ating. (Morris, C., & Maisto, 2013) Operant Conditioning: If we look at my client’s behavior from the perspective of operant conditioning then we have to determine if there were reinforcers or punishers that affected the desired, or undesired, behavior. To explain how operant conditioning could cause procrastination we first need to define reinforcers and punishers. In Operant conditioning a reinforcer is some sort of stimulus that is introduced after the desired behavior that encourages the behavior. A punisher on the other hand is a stimulus that is introduced after the behavior in order to discourage the behavior. Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behavior that is rewarded often will be â€Å"stamped in† and that behavior that causes some sort of discomfort will be â€Å"stamped out†. (Morris, C., & Maisto, 2013) Using the same example we used for classical conditioning, we will discuss my client’s undesired behavior of procrastinating bill payments using an operant conditioning scenario. In this case paying bills was the behavior. The punisher was the yelling and arguing that caused the feeling of stress. Due to continued exposure to the â€Å"stress of paying bills† my client developed an aversion to paying them. Thus his procrastination could be considered an operant behavior. This is backed up by Thorndike’s Law of Effect as stated above. (Morris, C., & Maisto, 2013) Cognitive and Social Learning Theories: The social learning theories can be applied to my client’s undesired behavior of procrastination and in my opinion may make more sense than the other two theories of operant and classical conditioning. As a child my client was exposed to the stress caused by lack of money that my client related to bills. My client learned the behavior that bills were not fun to pay and should be avoided at an early age. This is a blend of cognitive and social learning. My client did not realize that he had learned to avoid paying bills. This is an example of latent learning since the behavior was learned but had not been demonstrated yet. Edward Chace Tolman was a pioneer in cognitive learning theories who theorized that learning does not have to be observable in order for it to have occurred. (Morris, C., & Maisto, 2013). The effect of the unpleasant bill paying experiences was observed from the actions of the parents. My client was not actually paying bills as a child so the behavior was obs erver, or learned vicariously, from the parents as they paid bills. Specifically my client observed a vicarious punishment for the act of paying bills which resulted in a desire to avoid the stress involved in paying bills. This latent behavior manifested later in life as procrastination. Recommendation: While there are options available with each theory discussed above I would recommend an operant conditioning solution for my client. A reinforcer could be added to the bill paying process in order to make the behavior of paying bills on time more pleasant. The reward would need to be practical but significant enough to overcome the anticipated stress that my client associates with paying bills. Over time the act of paying bills will be associated with pleasant results rather than the stress of his childhood. Thorndike would probably say this behavior is â€Å"Stamped In† to my client once we are finished with the conditioning. References Morris, C., & Maisto, A. (2013). Understanding psychology (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

John Gardner, Grendel Essays

John Gardner, Grendel Essays John Gardner, Grendel Essay John Gardner, Grendel Essay Essay Topic: Grendel Grendel by John Gardner In the novel Grendel, by John Gardner, the main character Grendel encounters two other characters who greatly influence his view about the world around him. One of which is The Sharper and the other is the dragon. They both influence Grendels views on life in a unique ways especially since he looks at his life as isolation due to his communication. The Dragon, is an interesting and intelligent character who claims to know everything. Hes a huge, red/golden dragon that lives in a cave filled with gold and gems. The dragon sees the world as a meaningless place which wore ff onto Grendel after their encounter. When Grendel arrived at the cave, the dragon was waiting for him and took full advantage of Grendels fear of him. On page 58 the dragon said, Ah Grendel. YouVe come! This shows the dragon was waiting for his arrival. They were talking about the Shaper and such. However, after this encounter with the dragon, Grendel sees the world as a meaningless place. The dragon influenced Grendels overall looks on life by pushing him even more towards isolation. The other character that influences how Grendel views his life of isolation is known s the Sharper. The Sharper represents the power of art and imagination to the people he tells his tails too. His positive attitude and spirits lifted Grendel up and brought hope into his life. The author gave such an important character very little characterization. Grendel is a very unique character that you need to take time to understand his full character. He views his life as isolation because of his relationships with humans and the way he reacts to others. He lacks communication because every time he tries to interact with humans, it ends in frustration and isappointment. Unfortunately most of the time he finds himself trapped in a state of mind where its a one-way communication or talking to things such as the sky and gets no response. Even his own mother is unable to communicate with him. On page 56, it says She whimpered one sound: Dool-dool! Dool-dool! And the hardest part is that Grendel and humans share a common language however the humans disgust and fear of him overrule all of that. Grendel is Just a character who you truly have to have your eyes and ears open to understand him.

The History of the Water Wheel

The History of the Water Wheel The water wheel is an ancient device that uses flowing or falling water to create power by means of paddles mounted around a wheel. The force of the water moves the paddles, and the consequent rotation of the wheel is transmitted to machinery via the shaft of the wheel. The first reference to a water wheel dates back to around 4000 B.C. Vitruvius, an engineer who died in 14 AD, is later credited with creating and using a vertical water wheel during Roman times. They were used for crop irrigation, for grinding grains, and to supply drinking water to villages. In later years, they drove sawmills, pumps, forge bellows, tilt-hammers, trip hammers and to power textile mills. They were probably the first method of creating mechanical energy to replace that of humans and animals. Types of Water Wheels There are three main kinds of water wheels. One is the horizontal water wheel. Water flows from an aqueduct and the forward action of the water turns the wheel. Another is the overshot vertical water wheel in which water flows from an aqueduct and the gravity of the water turns the wheel. Finally, the undershot vertical water wheel is placed in a stream and is turned by the rivers motion. The First Water Wheels The simplest and probably the earliest water wheel was a vertical wheel with paddles against which the force of a stream acted. The horizontal wheel came next. It was used for driving a millstone through a vertical shaft attached directly to the wheel. The geared mill driven by a vertical water wheel with a horizontal shaft was the last in use. The first water wheels can be described as grindstones mounted atop vertical shafts whose vaned or paddled lower ends dipped into a swift stream. The wheel was horizontal. As early as the first century, the horizontal water wheel – which was terribly inefficient in transferring the power of the current to the milling mechanism – was replaced by water wheels of the vertical design. Water wheels were most often used to power different types of mills. A water wheel and mill combination is called a watermill. An early horizontal-wheeled watermill used for grinding grain in Greece was the called Norse Mill. In Syria, watermills were called noriahs.† They were used for running mills to process cotton into cloth. Lorenzo Dow Adkins of Perry Township, Ohio received a patent for his spiral bucket water wheel in 1939. The Hydraulic Turbine The hydraulic turbine is a modern invention based on the same principles as the water wheel. It’s a rotary engine that uses the flow of fluid, either gas or liquid, to turn a shaft that drives machinery. Hydraulic turbines are used in hydroelectric power stations. Flowing or falling water strikes a series of blades or buckets attached around a shaft. The shaft then rotates and the motion drives the rotor of an electric generator.

How have theoretical orientations in cultural criticism evolved and Essay

How have theoretical orientations in cultural criticism evolved and changed since 1900 Outline challenges facing arts criti - Essay Example In addition, the role of artist is explored and their significance and contribution to the cultural space can be critically analyzed, at some point every consumer of art engages in criticism whether formally or informally (James 1994, p.13). Through criticism, artist can learn from their mistakes and get honest if blunt feedback from critics which will inspire them to improve their output thus generally building up the quality of art produced in the long run. Art criticism has been defined in a variety of ways, Arthur Danto, defines it as the process of analyzing the structure significance and problems in a given work of art by making external and internal comparison to come up with an evaluation of the art. The primary intention of the endeavour has been in the past, and remains to provide rational grounds for the appreciation of artistic works. The exact origin of formal artistic criticism as a genre can be traced back to the 18th century and the first individual to acquire a reput ation of a critic of art was La Font de Saint-Yenne, is renowned for his writing about the salon of 1737 and 47. In the late 19th century, of the artistic expressionism and critics occurred in these salons which were societies made up of artists an critics, many of this were centred around Paris in France as the city acted as one of the centres of art and culture (Eagleton 1984, p.97). However, these salons kept multiplying owing to the dissenting views of different artist and in the dawn of the 19th century a group of young painters and sculptor took over the institution and founded the salon of d’Autumne. They were reacting against what they deemed to be the too conservative approaches of the previous salons and from this salon the salon of modern art emerged. Parisian and other galleries all over the world begun to show Avant grade work and new art dealers such as Daniel Henry Kahnweiler emerged presenting contemporary artists such as Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque as we ll as several other young artists of the time. The early 20th century was an inaugural period where art and culture critics took on retrospective assumptions and generalization of the social cultural evolution; many of the subjective theories of the past were rejected. Throughput the 20th century, critics seem to constantly be in a quest for the relationships between the art created and that which it represents (Lassalle, 1993, p. 1999). One of the preeminent anthropologists of this period was Franz Boaz and some of his students such as Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead who later became some of the leaders of the anthropological rejection of social and classical evolution. Contemporary critics at the time eschewed the previous discriminative and subjective assumptions many of which were based on a distinction between primitive and civilized. Many of the artist works produced from non-western societies especially in Africa was previously not seen as genuine art since the inhabitants we re primitive and uncivilized people. These critics were cognizant of the fact that cultural and artistic progression terminated at a stage of civilization that was not unlike what was happening in modern Europe. Nevertheless, they also noted that the theory presumed communities are distinct entities and did

Collaboration and Innovation at Proctor and Gamble Case Study

Collaboration and Innovation at Proctor and Gamble - Case Study Example One of the collaborative tools that the company uses is information systems and software. Web 2.0 has been an effective social networking and collaborative tool. The firm also used unified communications, Microsoft Live Server Functionality, web conferencing with live meetings, content management and SharePoint. Two additional collaborative tools were instant messaging and Microsoft Outlook. The benefits of these tools include the ability of the workers to communicate better. The size of the company has influenced the collaborative capabilities of the company. Tools such as emails which typically work effectively to collaborate are not that effective at P&G because the company is so large and has so many employees. The employees at P&G consider newer collaborative tools more work on top of emails. In the past researchers used to write up their experiments using Microsoft Office applications, then they would print them out and glue them together page by page into notebooks. The company today uses a customized version of Microsoft tools that allows instant communication between employees. The company also created virtual databases that allowed researchers the ability to communicate with each other in a more efficient manner. Information could now be shared among the researchers. Telepresence has been very effective at Procter & Gamble due to the fact that the company has a global operation. These tools allow researchers, marketers, and managers to keep the lines of communication open. A tool that the company should use to improve its communication is Skype. Skype allows employees to achieve two way video and audio. A second tool that could enhance collaboration is to create a cellular phone application that allows the employees to upload information into a server that the employees can access